Michael E. van Landingham is an independent researcher through his firm Active Measures, LLC. Until 2019 he was a government intelligence analyst. He was the lead author of the 2017 Intelligence Community Assessment on Russian interference in the 2016 election. Last year he co-authored an article in the American Sociological Review on popular Russian understandings of Stalin’s purges. He specializes in political analysis of the Russian leadership, intelligence services, and contemporary Russian society. Van Landingham holds degrees in Slavic Languages and Literatures and Russian, Eastern European, and Central Asian Studies from Princeton and Harvard Universities, respectively.